On Microsoft Windows Vista and Windows Server 2003 and later systems, you can use the Integrity Control Access Control List (icacls) program to display, modify, backup and restore Access Control Lists (ACLs) for files and folders. E.g.:

C:\>icacls C:\WINDOWS\system32\mmc.exe
C:\WINDOWS\system32\mmc.exe NT SERVICE\TrustedInstaller:(F)
                            BUILTIN\Administrators:(RX)
                            NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM:(RX)
                            BUILTIN\Users:(RX)
                            APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES:(RX)
                            APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES:(RX)

Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files

C:\>

In the above example, the "RX" indicates read and execute access for the file for the specified accounts.

[ More Info ]

[/os/windows/commands] permanent link

If you would like to be put a system's name in your web browser, e.g., ajax, into your browser's address bar and have the system automatically append a domain name, e.g. example.com, so that the browser attempts to access ajax.example.com, even though you just typed ajax, you can modify the Domain Name System (DNS) search domain settings. To do so on an Apple OS X/macOS system, take the following steps:

1. Click on the Apple icon at the top, left-hand side of your screen.
2. Choose System Preferences then Network.
3. Select the relevant network service, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, then click on the Advanced button.
4. Click on DNS.
5. Click in the Search Domains box and then click on the "+" at the bottom of that box to add a new search domain.
6. Type the name of the search domain, e.g. example.com.
7. Click on OK

You can add multiple domains; domains will be searched in the order you list them with the search starting at the topmost entry and continuing down through the list of domains with the search stopping when a valid name is found.

[ More Info ]

[/os/os-x] permanent link

On a Linux system, you can use the lscpu command to obtain information on the system's Central Processing Unit (CPU). On a CentOS Linux system, the utility is included in the util-linux package. On a CentOS system, you can install that package using the yum package management utility, if it isn't already installed, using yum install util-linux. You can check on whether the lscpu program is already present using which lscpu and, on a CentOS system or another system that uses RPM, you can use rpm -qi util-linux to determine if the util-linux package is already installed.

[ More Info ]

[/os/unix/linux/utilities/sysmgmt] permanent link

If you use an outlook.com or hotmail.com email address and are not receiving email from someone whose email you wish to see, you may need to add the address to your safe sender's list. Otherwise, email from the sender may not even be placed in your junk email folder, but may, instead, just be discarded by Outlook Mail.

To add an email address to Outlook Mail's safe sender list, click on the gear icon at the top of the Outlook Mail window you will see after logging into your account then take the following steps:

1. Select Options from the drop down list.
2. Select Safe Senders.
3. Type the email address that you wish to add as a new safe sender in the field below the pencil and trash can icons, hit Enter then click on Save.

[ More Info ]

[/network/email/hotmail] permanent link

If you wish to monitor the top bandwidth consuming processes on a Linux system, you can use the nethogs program, which displays bandwidth usage by process. It will display the process id (PID) of the processes consuming the most bandwidth. E.g.:

NetHogs version 0.8.5

    PID USER     PROGRAM                    DEV        SENT      RECEIVED       
  19355 jim      sshd: jim@pts/0            enp1s4      0.188       0.082 KB/sec
  15022 apache   /usr/sbin/httpd            enp1s4      0.000       0.000 KB/sec
      ? root     unknown TCP                            0.000       0.000 KB/sec

  TOTAL                                                 0.188       0.082 KB/sec

The above output shows me that the two processes consuming the most bandwidth at the time the program was run had PIDs of 19355 and 15022. I can get additional information on those processes using the ps command.

$ ps 19355
  PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
19355 ?        S      0:19 sshd: jim@pts/0
$ ps 15022
  PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
15022 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
$

[ More Info ]

[/os/unix/linux/network] permanent link

I query an SQLite database using PHP code on a webpage. One of the fields in the database is a "Note" field, where notes have been entered without any HTML code to format the text. When I display the notes on a webpage, I want to preserve the line breaks and paragraphs as they were typed. Since there are no <br> line break nor <p> paragraph tags on the page, I could display the text as typed using the pre tag, but the problem with just using that tag is that in cases where the a line is very long, someone would have to scroll far to the right to see the entire line on the webpage, if I just used the pre tag. However, I can specify a style for the pre tag that will result in the text wrapping at the right-edge of the browser window. E.g. <pre style="white-space: pre-wrap"> . Or, if I don't want the text displayed in the monospaced default font for the pre tag, I can apply the style to the <div> tag, instead. E.g.: <div style="white-space: pre-wrap">.

[ More Info ]

[/network/web/html] permanent link

You can view the counters for a port on a Cisco switch using the show interfaces command. E.g., if I want to check on whether cyclic redundancy check (CRC) errors have been occurring on port fa0/16, I can issue the command shown below:

Huron>show interfaces fa0/16
FastEthernet0/16 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
  Hardware is Fast Ethernet, address is 0009.e897.d290 (bia 0009.e897.d290)
  MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec,
     reliability 255/255, txload 19/255, rxload 1/255
  Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
  Keepalive set (10 sec)
  Full-duplex, 10Mb/s, media type is 100BaseTX
  input flow-control is unsupported output flow-control is unsupported
  ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
  Last input never, output 00:00:00, output hang never
  Last clearing of "show interface" counters 2d17h
  Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
  Queueing strategy: fifo
  Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
  5 minute input rate 24000 bits/sec, 40 packets/sec
  5 minute output rate 756000 bits/sec, 64 packets/sec
     46168 packets input, 4608074 bytes, 0 no buffer
     Received 1250 broadcasts (1161 multicast)
     0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
     121 input errors, 16 CRC, 105 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
     0 watchdog, 1161 multicast, 0 pause input
     0 input packets with dribble condition detected
     255151 packets output, 119141892 bytes, 0 underruns
     0 output errors, 0 collisions, 0 interface resets
     0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
     0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier, 0 PAUSE output
     0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
Huron>

[ More Info ]

[/hardware/network/switch/cisco] permanent link

You can determine the speed and duplex settings for a port on a Cisco switch with the show interfces port_designation status. E.g.:

Huron>show interfaces fa0/1 status

Port      Name               Status       Vlan       Duplex  Speed Type
Fa0/1                        connected    1            full     10 10/100BaseTX
Huron>

Often ports will be set to autonegotiate the speed and duplex settings with the equipment connected to the port. But sometimes that autonegotiation process may not work as expected requiring you to manually set the parameters. E.g, if the piece of equipment being connected to the port on the Cisco switch is configured for a fixed mode of operation while the port on the switch is configured for autonegotiate, the speeds may be configured for matching values on both sides but there may be a duplex mismatch. As a result of that mismatch cyclic redundancy check (CRC) errors may be reported for the port on the switch. You can manually set the duplex setting by entering the enable command and then the enable password when prompted. Then enter the configure command and then enter duplex followed by full or half, e.g., duplex full.

[/hardware/network/switch/cisco] permanent link

If you need a text-based web browser that doesn't require a graphical user interface (GUI), one alternative is the Lynx browser that is available for a variety of operating systems, including Linux, OS X/macOS, DOS, and Microsoft Windows. If you have the Homebrew package management software installed on a OS X/macOS system, you can use it to easily install the Lynx browser using the command brew install lynx.

Advantages to using a text-based browser such as Lynx, in addition to it not requiring a GUI, making it suitable to be run in a Terminal window, is that it doesn't support Adobe Flash, which makes it invulnerable to malware distributed through vulnerabilities in Flash. Also, because it doesn't support JavaScript nor graphics, it prevents tracking software that uses JavaScript or web bugs, aka web beacons, which can track your web browsing activities via small graphics files that will be invisible to you on a webpage, from being used to track your browsing activities. It does support HTTP cookies, though, which are also used by sites to track visitors, but Lynx will prompt you if you want to allow cookies for a site when you visit the site and has whitelisting and blacklisting capabilities. E.g., when a site tries to place a cookie on your system, Lynx will prompt you as to whether it should be allowed. You can choose from "Y/N/Always/neVer."

[ More Info ]

[/os/os-x/homebrew] permanent link

If you wish to determine the version of Firefox installed on an OS X from a command line interface (CLI), you can open a Terminal window and use the command shown below:

$ /Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS/firefox -v
Mozilla Firefox 45.8.0
$

You can also find the information in the Info.plist file found at /Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/Info.plist. The version number will be on the line following the "key" line for CFBundleGetInfoString and also after the "key" line for CFBundleShortVersionString .

        <key>CFBundleGetInfoString</key>
        <string>Firefox 45.8.0</string>

        <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
        <string>45.8.0</string>

[ More Info ]

[/os/os-x] permanent link