I needed to move some files from one Windows 11 system that is no longer being used, as the user is no longer working for the company, to another Windows 11 system where the user of that system, Pam, is now handling a task formerly handled by the prior employee, but while logged onto the account for the user now handling the task on her system, I noticed that her Documents folder was empty. The Windows domain name changed at that business a few years ago, so I thought that perhaps she might be using a Documents directory associated with her account under the prior domain name rather than the new one created for her new domain login. You can determine the location of a user's "My Documents" directory, which can be redirected to another location, including a network share or another drive, by issuing the PowerShell command [Environment]::GetFolderPath("MyDocuments"). E.g.:

Windows PowerShell
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Try the new cross-platform PowerShell https://aka.ms/pscore6

PS C:\Users\Pam> [Environment]::GetFolderPath("MyDocuments")
C:\Users\Pam\Documents
PS C:\Users\Pam>

The command utilizes the GetFolderPath method from the System.Environment class to retrieve the path of special folders, including "MyDocuments," for the user under whose context the script or command is executed. This method correctly identifies the mapped location even if the Documents folder has been redirected or moved from the default location.

In this case, I found that her "My Documents" directory was pointing to the directory associated with the old domain name. Her "home" folder was also pointing to the home folder that was in use for her account in the old domain. You can type $home in a PowerShell window to see that value. Or you can use $env:USERPROFILE to see the same information.

PS C:\Users\Pam> $Home
C:\Users\Pam
PS C:\Users\Pam >$env:userprofile
C:\Users\Pam
PS C:\Users\Pam>

[/os/windows/PowerShell] permanent link

When I tried to establish a Secure Shell (SSH) connection to a Windows 11 PC at a remote location today, I was unable to do so. I usually connect to the Windows domain controller at the location and establish the SSH connection to the user's Windows 11 system through it, but that was not working. I thought the problem was likely due to McAfee stopping providing firewall protection for incoming connections to ports on PCs as part of their antivirus software, since the antivirus software on PCs at that location was McAfee Antivirus Plus. When McAfee stopped providing that firewall service as part of McAfee AntiVirus Plus, the software reverted firewall protection for incoming connections to Microsoft's default firewall software, Microsoft Defender Firewall, aka Windows Firewall. When I check firewall protection on a Windows system running McAfee AntiVirus Plus, I now see the following message:

McAfee and Windows Defender are now working side by side

Our Advanced Firewall provides enhanced protection by blocking risky outgoing connections. Windows Defender Firewall provides protection for incoming connections.

Keep both firewalls on for complete protection.

So I thought I likely needed to create similar firewall rules for incoming connections in the Windows Firewall software as had existed previously in the McAfee firewall software.

[ More Info ]

[/os/windows/PowerShell] permanent link

To change the "from" address of a message in the Mutt email client while composing a message, you can use Esc-f, i.e., hit the Esc and f keys simultaneously. You will see a "From:" field appear near the bottom of the window with the current "from" address, which you can edit to replace it with whatever you would like. E.g., in the example below, I am changing the "from" address that the recipients of the message will see from jdoe@example.com to newsletter@example.com (the email address is within the angle brackets with a descriptive identifier before it.

y:Send q:Abort t:To c:CC s:Subj a:Attach file d:Descrip ?:Help               
    From: Joe Doe <jdoe@example.com>
      To: "Bruce K." <bkamen2145@gmail.com>
      Cc: albusd@example.com
     Bcc:
 Subject: Re: July 2025 Newsletter
Reply-To:
     Fcc: ~/sent
Security: None


-- Attachments                                                               
- I 1 /var/tmp/mutt-example-508-23668-418711[text/plain, 8bit, utf-8, 1.4K   




-- Mutt: Compose [Approx. msg size: 1.4K Atts: 1]----------------------------
From: Newsletter <newsletter@example.com>

After I've retyped the "from" address to be the one I want to appear, when I hit Enter, I will see the "from" address replaced with the one I want and can then hit y to send the message to recipients.

y:Send q:Abort t:To c:CC s:Subj a:Attach file d:Descrip ?:Help               
    From: Newsletter <newsletter@example.com>
      To: "Bruce K." <bkamen2145@gmail.com>
      Cc: albusd@example.com
     Bcc:
 Subject: Re: July 2025 Newsletter
Reply-To:
     Fcc: ~/sent
Security: None


-- Attachments                                                               
- I 1 /var/tmp/mutt-example-508-23668-418711[text/plain, 8bit, utf-8, 1.4K   




-- Mutt: Compose [Approx. msg size: 1.4K Atts: 1]----------------------------

For a way to change the "from" address from the command line, see Using a command-line interface (CLI) to send email with mutt.

[/network/email/clients/mutt] permanent link

1. In the terminal window enter the command sudo hostnamectl set-hostname newname where newname is the new name you wish to assign to the system. E.g.:

   jim@Firefly:~$ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname Smaug
   [sudo: authenticate] Password: 
   jim@Firefly:~$

   That will change the host name stored in /etc/hostname.

2. Then edit the /etc/hosts file, replacing the old host name there with the new one. E.g., if I had the following lines in the hosts file, I would modify the second line containing the old host name.

   127.0.0.1 localhost
   127.0.1.1 Firefly
   

   The 127.0.0.1 in the above lines is the localhost IP address, a loopback address that can be used when troubleshooting network issues. Ubuntu also adds a 127.0.1.1 address in /etc/hosts with the name you have assigned to the system. The name should match the one in /etc/hostname, so change the name for the 127.0.1.1 address to the new name you wish to use.

References:

1. What is difference between localhost address 127.0.0.1 and 127.0.1.1
   Updated: April 2, 2021
   Ask Ubuntu

[/os/unix/linux/ubuntu] permanent link

If you need to change the password, i.e., the encryption key, used to encrypt a partition with Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS) on a Linux system, you can open a terminal window and use the command sudo cryptsetup luksChangeKey /dev/sdaX where sdaX is the relevant partition. E.g., I needed to change the password on a Ubuntu Linux system where the user's data was stored on /dev/sda3.

jim@Firefly:~$ sudo cryptsetup luksChangeKey /dev/sda3
Enter passphrase to be changed:
Enter new passphrase:
Verify passphrase:
jim@Firefly:~$

If you don't know the designation for the encrypted partition, e.g., if I didn't know it was sda3, I could use the lsblk command (it is part of the util-linux package) to determine it. E.g.:

jim@Firefly:~$ lsblk
NAME                      MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINTS
loop0                       7:0    0     4K  1 loop  /snap/bare/5
loop1                       7:1    0  73.9M  1 loop  /snap/core22/2133
loop2                       7:2    0  11.8M  1 loop  /snap/desktop-security-center/59
loop3                       7:3    0 247.6M  1 loop  /snap/firefox/6966
loop4                       7:4    0  11.1M  1 loop  /snap/firmware-updater/167
loop5                       7:5    0  91.7M  1 loop  /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535
loop6                       7:6    0  14.4M  1 loop  /snap/prompting-client/104
loop7                       7:7    0 516.2M  1 loop  /snap/gnome-42-2204/226
loop8                       7:8    0  17.5M  1 loop  /snap/snap-store/1300
loop9                       7:9    0  50.8M  1 loop  /snap/snapd/25202
loop10                      7:10   0   576K  1 loop  /snap/snapd-desktop-integration/315
loop11                      7:11   0 226.2M  1 loop  /snap/thunderbird/812
sda                         8:0    0 953.9G  0 disk
├─sda1                      8:1    0     1G  0 part  /boot/efi
├─sda2                      8:2    0     2G  0 part  /boot
└─sda3                      8:3    0 950.8G  0 part
  └─dm_crypt-0            252:0    0 950.8G  0 crypt
    └─ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
                          252:1    0 950.8G  0 lvm   /
jim@Firefly:~$

From the above output, I can see that the disk drive in the system is designated as sda and the encrypted partition is sda3 (it is listed as type "crypt").

[ More Info ]

[/security/encryption/LUKS] permanent link

[/network/ssh/putty] permanent link

To view the list of user-defined applications on a Juniper Networks router/firewall running the JunOS operating system from a command-line interface (CLI), you can enter cli mode by issuing the command cli after logging in and then issue the command show configuration applications.

root@Bellatrix> show configuration applications
application POP3 {
    protocol tcp;
    destination-port 110;
}
application POP3S {
    protocol tcp;
    destination-port 995;
}
application Rising_World_TCP {
    protocol tcp;
    destination-port 4254-4259;
}
application Rising_World_UDP {
    protocol udp;
    destination-port 4254-4259;
}

root@Bellatrix>

To view the list of predefined junos- applications from the CLI, you can enter cli mode by issuing the command cli after logging in and then issue the command show configuration groups junos-defaults applications.

[ More Info ]

[/security/firewalls/SRX] permanent link

To determine what process is listening on a particular TCP port on a Linux system, you can use the ss command. On a CentOS Linux system, the command can be found in the /sbin/ss directory. The utility is part of the iproute, or iproute2 package.

# which ss
/sbin/ss
# rpm -qf /sbin/ss
iproute-3.10.0-21.el7.x86_64
#

To see help information on the utility, you can use the command ss --help.

# ss --help
Usage: ss [ OPTIONS ]
       ss [ OPTIONS ] [ FILTER ]
   -h, --help           this message
   -V, --version        output version information
   -n, --numeric        don't resolve service names
   -r, --resolve       resolve host names
   -a, --all            display all sockets
   -l, --listening      display listening sockets
   -o, --options       show timer information
   -e, --extended      show detailed socket information
   -m, --memory        show socket memory usage
   -p, --processes      show process using socket
   -i, --info           show internal TCP information
   -s, --summary        show socket usage summary
   -b, --bpf           show bpf filter socket information

   -4, --ipv4          display only IP version 4 sockets
   -6, --ipv6          display only IP version 6 sockets
   -0, --packet display PACKET sockets
   -t, --tcp            display only TCP sockets
   -u, --udp            display only UDP sockets
   -d, --dccp           display only DCCP sockets
   -w, --raw            display only RAW sockets
   -x, --unix           display only Unix domain sockets
   -f, --family=FAMILY display sockets of type FAMILY

   -A, --query=QUERY, --socket=QUERY
       QUERY := {all|inet|tcp|udp|raw|unix|packet|netlink}[,QUERY]

   -D, --diag=FILE     Dump raw information about TCP sockets to FILE
   -F, --filter=FILE   read filter information from FILE
       FILTER := [ state TCP-STATE ] [ EXPRESSION ]
#

Or you can consult the manual page for ss using the command man ss.

[ More Info ]

[/os/unix/linux/network] permanent link

An .htpasswd file can be used to control access to specific directories that visitors to a web server can access when the web server is an Apache web server. Entries in the file can be added, modified, or deleted using the htpasswd utility, which may be in the /bin directory on a Linux sysem. To update a password for a user listed in an .htpasswd file, a command in the form htpasswd htpasswdFileLocation user where htpasswdFileLocation is the location and name for the .htpassword file on the system and user is a specific user listed in that file. The htpasswd utility will prompt for a new password and then prompt you to retype it to ensure there has not been a typo when the new password was provided. E.g.:

# htpasswd /home/jdoe/music/.htpasswd mary
New password:
Re-type new password:
Updating password for user mary
#

If you wish to delete an entry for a user in the .htpasswd file, you can use a command in the form htpasswd -D htpasswdFileLocation user. The -D indicates the entry for the user should be deleted. The response will indicate the password for the user was deleted, which is true, but that indicates the entire entry for that user was removd from the file. E.g.:

# htpasswd -D /home/jdoe/music/.htpasswd manny
Deleting password for user manny
#

Related

1. Apache AllowOverride AuthConfig Directive
   Date: May 13, 2008

[/network/web/server/apache] permanent link

Microsoft provides Secure Shell (SSH) server software with Windows 11 that you can use to listen for connections from remote SSH clients, but the server service is not installed by default. To install the Microsoft-provided SSH server software on a Windows 11 system, take the following steps:

1. Type optional features in the Windows Search field at the bottom of the screen and hit Enter, then click on "Open" when it is found.
2. Click on the View features button.
3. Scroll down the list of optional features until you see Open SSH Server and then click on the check box for it and click on the Next button.
4. Click on the Add button to add the OpenSSH Server capability to the system.
5. When the Optional features window shows that the OpenSSH Server software has been added, you can close the window. If you scroll down the list of added features before closing the window, you should see OpenSSH Server below OpenSSH Client.

After installing the software, you will need to start the OpenSSH server service.

[ More Info ]

[/os/windows/network/ssh/OpenSSH] permanent link

If you wish to delete all of the records from a table in an SQLite database, you can do so using a command in the form delete from tableName where tableName is the name of the table from which you wish to remove all of the rows in the table. E.g., if I wished to delete all of the records in a table named TimeStamps, I could use the delete command below.

sqlite> select * from Timestamps;
2025-05-01 21:26:22|2025-05-01 21:23|10947739
2025-05-01 21:28:33|2025-05-01 21:28|10967247
2025-05-04 13:37:47|2025-05-04 13:36|18079581
sqlite> delete from Timestamps;
sqlite> select * from Timestamps;
sqlite>

If I only wanted to delete a record or records meeting a specific condition, I could specify that condition in a WHERE clause. E.g., if the columns in the table were CurrentTimestamp, LastUpdateTimestamp, and Size and I only wanted to remove the row where the value of CurrentTimestamp is 2025-05-04 13:37:47, I could use the command below, instead.

sqlite> .schema Timestamps
CREATE TABLE "Timestamps" (
        "CurrentTimestamp"      TEXT NOT NULL,
        "LastUpdateTimestamp"   TEXT NOT NULL,
        "Size"  INTEGER NOT NULL
);
sqlite> delete from Timestamps where CurrentTimestamp='2025-05-04 13:37:47';

[/software/database/sqlite] permanent link

[ More Info ]

[/security/antivirus/avira] permanent link

I booted a PC from a USB flash drive on which I had installed Lubuntu Linux. I also plugged another flash drive into the system, but I didn't know where it was mounted. The hard disk drive (HDD) in the system was /dev/sda and I assumed the Lubuntu Linux bootable drive was /dev/sdb and the new drive would be /dev/sdbc. You can type for devlink in /dev/disk/by-id/usb*; do readlink -f ${devlink}; done at a shell prompt, which you can obtain on a Lubuntu system by clicking on the bird icon at the lower, left-hand corner of the screen and selecting System Tools then Qterminal, to see a list of the USB devices attached to a system.

lubuntu@lubuntu:~$ for devlink in /dev/disk/by-id/usb*; do readlink -f ${devlink}; done
/dev/sdc
/dev/sdc1
/dev/sdb
/dev/sdb1
lubuntu@lubuntu:~$

You can find the location where a USB drive is mounted by issuing the mount command and then piping the output into the grep command to find information on just the particular drive in which you are interested.

lubuntu@lubuntu:~$ mount | grep sdc
/dev/sdc1 on /media/lubuntu/EMTEC C450 type vfat (rw,nosuid,nodev,rela
time,uid=1000,gid=1000,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=is
o8859-1,shortname=mixed,showexec,utf8,flush,errors=remount-ro,uhelper=udisks2)
lubuntu@lubuntu:~$

In this case, I knew the USB flash drive was a 16GB Emtec device and I was able to see it was mounted at /media/lubuntu/EMTEC C450. I was then able to view the files and folders for the drive from the shell prompt.

lubuntu@lubuntu:~$ ls /media
cdrom  lubuntu  root
lubuntu@lubuntu:~$ ls /media/lubuntu
'EMTEC C450'
lubuntu@lubuntu:~$ ls /media/lubuntu/'EMTEC C450'
 EMTEC.icns   EMTEC.ico  'System Volume Information'   autorun.inf
lubuntu@lubuntu:~$

References:

1. How do I figure out which /dev is a USB flash drive?
   Date: September 16, 2008
   superuser

[/os/unix/linux/lubuntu] permanent link

[ More Info ]

[/os/windows/utilities] permanent link

1. In the Windows File Explorer, Right-click on the .iso file, then click on Burn, which appears above the file list.

   

2. If the appropriate CD/DVD drive does not appear in the "Disc Burner" field, select it then click on Burn (check the box first for "Verify disc after burning", if you wish to have the program verify that the disc can be read successfully after the iso file is burned to the disc).

   

3. When the iso file has successfully been written to disc, you should see "The disc image has been successfully burned to disc." You can then click on the Close button.

   

   The disc will then be ejected.

[/os/windows/win11] permanent link

• Apple
• Google (online)
• Office 365 (onlilne)
• Outlook
• Outlook.com
• Yahoo (online)

Once I had the .ics file, I was able to click on File then Open & Export in Outlook on my wife's PC to open the .ics file I downloaded and add the organization's calendar to her Outlook calendar.

[/network/email/clients/outlook] permanent link

I don't know how well the technique may work on very large files or directories, e.g., ones that are multiple gigabytes, but I've found it works well at least for those several megabytes in size. I also have not tested what happens if you try another copy and paste operation before the first one has completed.

Related:

1. Transferring Files Via the Remote Desktop
   Date: March 13, 2010

[/os/windows/software/remote-control/rdp] permanent link